Differential absorbance as evaluation method of TOX concentrations generated during surface water chlorination

The Chlorination of Water

Chlorine is most readily available in the form of chloride of lime (bleaching powder), which can readily be obtained commercially. This, if freshly made, should contain 33 per cent, of free or active chlorine. It loses its efficacy on keeping, especially during hot weather; but this loss may be retarded by the addition of 25 per cent, of quicklime. Samples of the bleaching powder used should be...

Drinking Water Chlorination

Chloramination of Building Water Systems as an Alternative to Chlorination

1) Microbial control is inadequate 2) It results in higher proportions of Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and nitrifying bacteria in biofilms 3) It induces the viable-but-nonculturable (VBNC) state in Legionella 4) Higher concentrations of nitrite and nitrate (regulated drinking water contaminants) can occur 5) It degrades to ammonium ion in premise plumbing treatments which can lead ...

hazard evaluation of incinerators in mobin petrochemical company using hazop method

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Determination, Interpretation and Modeling of Chlorination By-products Concentrations in Surface Waters

The formation of chlorination by-products (CBPs) was investigated by bench-scale chlorination experiments with surface waters from different sources in Lesvos island, Greece. The main factors studied were organic matter content of water (expressed as UV-272 absorbance), time and chlorine dose. The CBPs, determined by gas chromatographic techniques, belong to the categories of trihalomethanes (T...